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What's New in Python 2.2

Previous: 5 PEP 237: Unifying Up: What's New in Python Next: 7 Unicode Changes

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6 PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator

The most controversial change in Python 2.2 heralds the start of an effort to fix an old design flaw that's been in Python from the beginning. Currently Python's division operator, /, behaves like C's division operator when presented with two integer arguments: it returns an integer result that's truncated down when there would be a fractional part. For example, 3/2 is 1, not 1.5, and (-1)/2 is -1, not -0.5. This means that the results of divison can vary unexpectedly depending on the type of the two operands and because Python is dynamically typed, it can be difficult to determine the possible types of the operands.

(The controversy is over whether this is really a design flaw, and whether it's worth breaking existing code to fix this. It's caused endless discussions on python-dev, and in July 2001 erupted into an storm of acidly sarcastic postings on comp.lang.python. I won't argue for either side here and will stick to describing what's implemented in 2.2. Read PEP 238 for a summary of arguments and counter-arguments.)

Because this change might break code, it's being introduced very gradually. Python 2.2 begins the transition, but the switch won't be complete until Python 3.0.

First, I'll borrow some terminology from PEP 238. ``True division'' is the division that most non-programmers are familiar with: 3/2 is 1.5, 1/4 is 0.25, and so forth. ``Floor division'' is what Python's / operator currently does when given integer operands; the result is the floor of the value returned by true division. ``Classic division'' is the current mixed behaviour of /; it returns the result of floor division when the operands are integers, and returns the result of true division when one of the operands is a floating-point number.

Here are the changes 2.2 introduces:

• A new operator, //, is the floor division operator. (Yes, we know it looks like C++'s comment symbol.) // always performs floor division no matter what the types of its operands are, so 1 // 2 is 0 and 1.0 // 2.0 is also 0.0.

  // is always available in Python 2.2; you don't need to enable it using a __future__ statement.

• By including a from __future__ import division in a module, the / operator will be changed to return the result of true division, so 1/2 is 0.5. Without the __future__ statement, / still means classic division. The default meaning of / will not change until Python 3.0.

• Classes can define methods called __truediv__ and __floordiv__ to overload the two division operators. At the C level, there are also slots in the PyNumberMethods structure so extension types can define the two operators.

• Python 2.2 supports some command-line arguments for testing whether code will works with the changed division semantics. Running python with -Q warn will cause a warning to be issued whenever division is applied to two integers. You can use this to find code that's affected by the change and fix it. By default, Python 2.2 will simply perform classic division without a warning; the warning will be turned on by default in Python 2.3.

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What's New in Python 2.2

Previous: 5 PEP 237: Unifying Up: What's New in Python Next: 7 Unicode Changes

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Release 1.02.