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/* propdelay.c,v 3.1 1993/07/06 01:05:24 jbj Exp
* propdelay - compute propagation delays
*
* cc -o propdelay propdelay.c -lm
*
* "Time and Frequency Users' Manual", NBS Technical Note 695 (1977).
*/
/*
* This can be used to get a rough idea of the HF propagation delay
* between two points (usually between you and the radio station).
* The usage is
*
* propdelay latitudeA longitudeA latitudeB longitudeB
*
* where points A and B are the locations in question. You obviously
* need to know the latitude and longitude of each of the places.
* The program expects the latitude to be preceded by an 'n' or 's'
* and the longitude to be preceded by an 'e' or 'w'. It understands
* either decimal degrees or degrees:minutes:seconds. Thus to compute
* the delay between the WWVH (21:59:26N, 159:46:00W) and WWV (40:40:49N,
* 105:02:27W) you could use:
*
* propdelay n21:59:26 w159:46 n40:40:49 w105:02:27
*
* By default it prints out a summer (F2 average virtual height 350 km) and
* winter (F2 average virtual height 250 km) number. The results will be
* quite approximate but are about as good as you can do with HF time anyway.
* You might pick a number between the values to use, or use the summer
* value in the summer and switch to the winter value when the static
* above 10 MHz starts to drop off in the fall. You can also use the
* -h switch if you want to specify your own virtual height.
*
* You can also do a
*
* propdelay -W n45:17:47 w75:45:22
*
* to find the propagation delays to WWV and WWVH (from CHU in this
* case), a
*
* propdelay -C n40:40:49 w105:02:27
*
* to find the delays to CHU, and a
*
* propdelay -G n52:03:17 w98:34:18
*
* to find delays to GOES via each of the three satellites.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "ntp_stdlib.h"
extern double sin (double);
extern double cos (double);
extern double acos (double);
extern double tan (double);
extern double atan (double);
extern double sqrt (double);
#define STREQ(a, b) (*(a) == *(b) && strcmp((a), (b)) == 0)
/*
* Program constants
*/
#define EARTHRADIUS (6370.0) /* raduis of earth (km) */
#define LIGHTSPEED (299800.0) /* speed of light, km/s */
#define PI (3.1415926536)
#define RADPERDEG (PI/180.0) /* radians per degree */
#define MILE (1.609344) /* km in a mile */
#define SUMMERHEIGHT (350.0) /* summer height in km */
#define WINTERHEIGHT (250.0) /* winter height in km */
#define SATHEIGHT (6.6110 * 6378.0) /* geosync satellite height in km
from centre of earth */
#define WWVLAT "n40:40:49"
#define WWVLONG "w105:02:27"
#define WWVHLAT "n21:59:26"
#define WWVHLONG "w159:46:00"
#define CHULAT "n45:17:47"
#define CHULONG "w75:45:22"
#define GOES_UP_LAT "n37:52:00"
#define GOES_UP_LONG "w75:27:00"
#define GOES_EAST_LONG "w75:00:00"
#define GOES_STBY_LONG "w105:00:00"
#define GOES_WEST_LONG "w135:00:00"
#define GOES_SAT_LAT "n00:00:00"
char *wwvlat = WWVLAT;
char *wwvlong = WWVLONG;
char *wwvhlat = WWVHLAT;
char *wwvhlong = WWVHLONG;
char *chulat = CHULAT;
char *chulong = CHULONG;
char *goes_up_lat = GOES_UP_LAT;
char *goes_up_long = GOES_UP_LONG;
char *goes_east_long = GOES_EAST_LONG;
char *goes_stby_long = GOES_STBY_LONG;
char *goes_west_long = GOES_WEST_LONG;
char *goes_sat_lat = GOES_SAT_LAT;
int hflag = 0;
int Wflag = 0;
int Cflag = 0;
int Gflag = 0;
int height;
char *progname;
volatile int debug;
static void doit (double, double, double, double, double, char *);
static double latlong (char *, int);
static double greatcircle (double, double, double, double);
static double waveangle (double, double, int);
static double propdelay (double, double, int);
static int finddelay (double, double, double, double, double, double *);
static void satdoit (double, double, double, double, double, double, char *);
static void satfinddelay (double, double, double, double, double *);
static double satpropdelay (double);
/*
* main - parse arguments and handle options
*/
int
main(
int argc,
char *argv[]
)
{
int c;
int errflg = 0;
double lat1, long1;
double lat2, long2;
double lat3, long3;
progname = argv[0];
while ((c = ntp_getopt(argc, argv, "dh:CWG")) != EOF)
switch (c) {
case 'd':
++debug;
break;
case 'h':
hflag++;
height = atof(ntp_optarg);
if (height <= 0.0) {
(void) fprintf(stderr, "height %s unlikely\n",
ntp_optarg);
errflg++;
}
break;
case 'C':
Cflag++;
break;
case 'W':
Wflag++;
break;
case 'G':
Gflag++;
break;
default:
errflg++;
break;
}
if (errflg || (!(Cflag || Wflag || Gflag) && ntp_optind+4 != argc) ||
((Cflag || Wflag || Gflag) && ntp_optind+2 != argc)) {
(void) fprintf(stderr,
"usage: %s [-d] [-h height] lat1 long1 lat2 long2\n",
progname);
(void) fprintf(stderr," - or -\n");
(void) fprintf(stderr,
"usage: %s -CWG [-d] lat long\n",
progname);
exit(2);
}
if (!(Cflag || Wflag || Gflag)) {
lat1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind], 1);
long1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 1], 0);
lat2 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 2], 1);
long2 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 3], 0);
if (hflag) {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, height, "");
} else {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)SUMMERHEIGHT,
"summer propagation, ");
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)WINTERHEIGHT,
"winter propagation, ");
}
} else if (Wflag) {
/*
* Compute delay from WWV
*/
lat1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind], 1);
long1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 1], 0);
lat2 = latlong(wwvlat, 1);
long2 = latlong(wwvlong, 0);
if (hflag) {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, height, "WWV ");
} else {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)SUMMERHEIGHT,
"WWV summer propagation, ");
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)WINTERHEIGHT,
"WWV winter propagation, ");
}
/*
* Compute delay from WWVH
*/
lat2 = latlong(wwvhlat, 1);
long2 = latlong(wwvhlong, 0);
if (hflag) {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, height, "WWVH ");
} else {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)SUMMERHEIGHT,
"WWVH summer propagation, ");
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)WINTERHEIGHT,
"WWVH winter propagation, ");
}
} else if (Cflag) {
lat1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind], 1);
long1 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 1], 0);
lat2 = latlong(chulat, 1);
long2 = latlong(chulong, 0);
if (hflag) {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, height, "CHU ");
} else {
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)SUMMERHEIGHT,
"CHU summer propagation, ");
doit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, (double)WINTERHEIGHT,
"CHU winter propagation, ");
}
} else if (Gflag) {
lat1 = latlong(goes_up_lat, 1);
long1 = latlong(goes_up_long, 0);
lat3 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind], 1);
long3 = latlong(argv[ntp_optind + 1], 0);
lat2 = latlong(goes_sat_lat, 1);
long2 = latlong(goes_west_long, 0);
satdoit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, lat3, long3,
"GOES Delay via WEST");
long2 = latlong(goes_stby_long, 0);
satdoit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, lat3, long3,
"GOES Delay via STBY");
long2 = latlong(goes_east_long, 0);
satdoit(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, lat3, long3,
"GOES Delay via EAST");
}
exit(0);
}
/*
* doit - compute a delay and print it
*/
static void
doit(
double lat1,
double long1,
double lat2,
double long2,
double h,
char *str
)
{
int hops;
double delay;
hops = finddelay(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, h, &delay);
printf("%sheight %g km, hops %d, delay %g seconds\n",
str, h, hops, delay);
}
/*
* latlong - decode a latitude/longitude value
*/
static double
latlong(
char *str,
int islat
)
{
register char *cp;
register char *bp;
double arg;
double divby;
int isneg;
char buf[32];
char *colon;
if (islat) {
/*
* Must be north or south
*/
if (*str == 'N' || *str == 'n')
isneg = 0;
else if (*str == 'S' || *str == 's')
isneg = 1;
else
isneg = -1;
} else {
/*
* East is positive, west is negative
*/
if (*str == 'E' || *str == 'e')
isneg = 0;
else if (*str == 'W' || *str == 'w')
isneg = 1;
else
isneg = -1;
}
if (isneg >= 0)
str++;
colon = strchr(str, ':');
if (colon != NULL) {
/*
* in hhh:mm:ss form
*/
cp = str;
bp = buf;
while (cp < colon)
*bp++ = *cp++;
*bp = '\0';
cp++;
arg = atof(buf);
divby = 60.0;
colon = strchr(cp, ':');
if (colon != NULL) {
bp = buf;
while (cp < colon)
*bp++ = *cp++;
*bp = '\0';
cp++;
arg += atof(buf) / divby;
divby = 3600.0;
}
if (*cp != '\0')
arg += atof(cp) / divby;
} else {
arg = atof(str);
}
if (isneg == 1)
arg = -arg;
if (debug > 2)
(void) printf("latitude/longitude %s = %g\n", str, arg);
return arg;
}
/*
* greatcircle - compute the great circle distance in kilometers
*/
static double
greatcircle(
double lat1,
double long1,
double lat2,
double long2
)
{
double dg;
double l1r, l2r;
l1r = lat1 * RADPERDEG;
l2r = lat2 * RADPERDEG;
dg = EARTHRADIUS * acos(
(cos(l1r) * cos(l2r) * cos((long2-long1)*RADPERDEG))
+ (sin(l1r) * sin(l2r)));
if (debug >= 2)
printf(
"greatcircle lat1 %g long1 %g lat2 %g long2 %g dist %g\n",
lat1, long1, lat2, long2, dg);
return dg;
}
/*
* waveangle - compute the wave angle for the given distance, virtual
* height and number of hops.
*/
static double
waveangle(
double dg,
double h,
int n
)
{
double theta;
double delta;
theta = dg / (EARTHRADIUS * (double)(2 * n));
delta = atan((h / (EARTHRADIUS * sin(theta))) + tan(theta/2)) - theta;
if (debug >= 2)
printf("waveangle dist %g height %g hops %d angle %g\n",
dg, h, n, delta / RADPERDEG);
return delta;
}
/*
* propdelay - compute the propagation delay
*/
static double
propdelay(
double dg,
double h,
int n
)
{
double phi;
double theta;
double td;
theta = dg / (EARTHRADIUS * (double)(2 * n));
phi = (PI/2.0) - atan((h / (EARTHRADIUS * sin(theta))) + tan(theta/2));
td = dg / (LIGHTSPEED * sin(phi));
if (debug >= 2)
printf("propdelay dist %g height %g hops %d time %g\n",
dg, h, n, td);
return td;
}
/*
* finddelay - find the propagation delay
*/
static int
finddelay(
double lat1,
double long1,
double lat2,
double long2,
double h,
double *delay
)
{
double dg; /* great circle distance */
double delta; /* wave angle */
int n; /* number of hops */
dg = greatcircle(lat1, long1, lat2, long2);
if (debug)
printf("great circle distance %g km %g miles\n", dg, dg/MILE);
n = 1;
while ((delta = waveangle(dg, h, n)) < 0.0) {
if (debug)
printf("tried %d hop%s, no good\n", n, n>1?"s":"");
n++;
}
if (debug)
printf("%d hop%s okay, wave angle is %g\n", n, n>1?"s":"",
delta / RADPERDEG);
*delay = propdelay(dg, h, n);
return n;
}
/*
* satdoit - compute a delay and print it
*/
static void
satdoit(
double lat1,
double long1,
double lat2,
double long2,
double lat3,
double long3,
char *str
)
{
double up_delay,down_delay;
satfinddelay(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, &up_delay);
satfinddelay(lat3, long3, lat2, long2, &down_delay);
printf("%s, delay %g seconds\n", str, up_delay + down_delay);
}
/*
* satfinddelay - calculate the one-way delay time between a ground station
* and a satellite
*/
static void
satfinddelay(
double lat1,
double long1,
double lat2,
double long2,
double *delay
)
{
double dg; /* great circle distance */
dg = greatcircle(lat1, long1, lat2, long2);
*delay = satpropdelay(dg);
}
/*
* satpropdelay - calculate the one-way delay time between a ground station
* and a satellite
*/
static double
satpropdelay(
double dg
)
{
double k1, k2, dist;
double theta;
double td;
theta = dg / (EARTHRADIUS);
k1 = EARTHRADIUS * sin(theta);
k2 = SATHEIGHT - (EARTHRADIUS * cos(theta));
if (debug >= 2)
printf("Theta %g k1 %g k2 %g\n", theta, k1, k2);
dist = sqrt(k1*k1 + k2*k2);
td = dist / LIGHTSPEED;
if (debug >= 2)
printf("propdelay dist %g height %g time %g\n", dg, dist, td);
return td;
}
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